Assess understanding of core concepts of validity (content, construct, criterion-related, consequential) and reliability (test-retest, internal consistency, inter-rater), sources of measurement error, and how these principles inform item writing, scoring, test form assembly, and interpretation. Evaluate types of evidence used to support validity and reliability, design choices to enhance measurement quality, and common trade-offs (e.g., breadth vs. precision), with attention to fairness, generalizability, and practical constraints; suitable for graduate educators applying measurement theory to test design decisions.