Assess students' ability to formulate two-species predator–prey systems with Holling Type II and Type III functional responses, derive equilibria and the Jacobian, determine local stability, detect and classify bifurcations (e.g., Hopf, transcritical, saddle-node) as parameters (attack rate, handling time, prey refuge or density-dependence) vary, and interpret phase-plane portraits and bifurcation diagrams; include analytic conditions where possible and require ecological interpretation of stability changes.