Assess learners' ability to evaluate the long-term economic, distributional, and fiscal consequences of implementing a universal basic income (UBI) versus targeted welfare programs in advanced economies, including analysis of labor‑supply effects, poverty and inequality outcomes, administrative costs, financing options, macroeconomic impacts (growth, inflation), and the use of modeling and empirical evidence (microsimulation, CGE, cost projections) to justify policy recommendations. Scope: comparative policy evaluation using quantitative and qualitative reasoning.