Assess students' ability to apply environmental and hydrologic concepts to model how deforestation changes runoff, sedimentation, and flood risk in a small watershed using simple conceptual or basic quantitative tools (e.g., runoff coefficients, sketch hydrographs, sediment yield estimates). Require interpretation of a short dataset or graph, identification of cause–effect relationships, and design of feasible mitigation strategies (reforestation, riparian buffers, terraces, retention structures) with justification, consideration of trade-offs, and a basic monitoring plan.