Assess learners' ability to evaluate and compare the effectiveness and equity implications of nature-based solutions (e.g., wetlands, dunes) versus gray infrastructure (e.g., seawalls, levees) for coastal flood risk reduction under future sea-level rise scenarios. Scope includes interpreting hydrodynamic and sea-level projections, selecting and applying performance metrics (flood reduction, service lifespan, co-benefits), conducting lifecycle cost–benefit and risk analyses, assessing distributional impacts on vulnerable communities, accounting for governance/financing constraints, and addressing uncertainty through scenario analysis; tasks may require analyzing model outputs, weighing trade-offs across time horizons, and formulating equitable, evidence-based adaptation recommendations and monitoring indicators.