Test students' understanding of how urban development alters local water cycles by increasing impervious surfaces, reducing infiltration, raising surface runoff, and elevating flood risk; include tasks to interpret simple diagrams or data comparing natural vs. developed landscapes, predict effects on runoff and groundwater recharge, perform basic relative calculations or reasoning, and evaluate mitigation strategies (permeable pavement, green roofs, rain gardens, retention basins). Grade 6–8, medium difficulty, requires analysis and evidence-based explanations.