[Assess learners' ability to analyze how electoral systems—specifically first-past-the-post (FPTP) versus proportional representation (PR)—shape party systems and voter representation. Scope includes institutional features (district magnitude, thresholds, seat-allocation methods), theoretical mechanisms (Duverger's law, strategic and wasted votes), and political consequences (number/type of parties, coalition formation, accountability, minority/regional representation). Tasks may require comparing cases, interpreting empirical effects, and evaluating reform trade-offs.]