Assess ability to apply theories of cultural memory (collective memory, lieux de mémoire, social/communicative memory, trauma and postcolonial frameworks) to interpret public monuments and contested heritage sites. Students will analyze a given case or short vignette to identify memory practices, iconography, spatial and institutional contexts, stakeholder perspectives, and power relations; link observations to theoretical concepts; and propose evidence-based interpretive or policy recommendations for commemoration, reinterpretation, or removal, justifying interventions ethically and methodologically.