Assess graduate-level understanding of how electoral system design (district magnitude, electoral formula—PR, majoritarian, mixed, thresholds, ballot structure) influences party fragmentation in emerging democracies; test ability to analyze theoretical mechanisms (Duvergerian effects, strategic incentives), evaluate comparative and case-study evidence, interpret measures like the effective number of parties, and consider contextual mediators (ethnicity, institutionalization, party financing) with brief analytical responses and policy implications.