Assess undergraduate students' understanding of the U.S. federal separation of powers and checks and balances by defining the institutional roles of Congress, the President, and the federal judiciary; explaining constitutional and statutory mechanisms (veto, appointments and advice-and-consent, impeachment, judicial review, oversight, executive orders, legislative vetoes, pardons); analyzing landmark Supreme Court decisions (e.g., Marbury v. Madison; Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer; United States v. Nixon; INS v. Chadha; Clinton v. City of New York) and applying these principles to short fact patterns requiring explanation of which branch controls, limits, or remedies government action.