Assess graduate students' understanding of the principles, doctrines, and constitutional limits governing judicial deference to administrative agencies in constitutional democracies. Coverage includes standards of review (reasonableness, correctness, Chevron/Auer), normative rationales (expertise, separation of powers, democratic legitimacy), legal limits (jurisdictional error, ultra vires, proportionality, protection of fundamental rights, procedural fairness), comparative jurisdictional approaches, and application to brief hypotheticals requiring justified choice of scrutiny.