Analyze how the geography and seasonal behavior of the Nile, Tigris‑Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow River systems shaped settlement locations, agricultural methods (irrigation, flooding, soil fertility), economic activities, and regional trade. Students should identify specific river features (flooding patterns, silt deposition, navigability), give concrete examples from each civilization, compare similarities and differences, and explain cause–effect relationships using maps or short written evidence-based responses. Suitable for Grade 6–8 with moderate analytical tasks.