Assess students' ability to analyze life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and resource trade-offs between electric vehicles (EVs) and internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, covering vehicle and battery manufacturing, upstream material and energy extraction (including critical minerals and land use), use-phase emissions influenced by grid mix or fuel efficiency, end-of-life and recycling impacts, common LCA methods and allocation choices, sensitivity/scenario analysis (lifetime mileage, battery size, grid decarbonization), quantitative per‑km comparisons, and policy or mitigation implications.