Assess students’ ability to construct and interpret causal loop diagrams (CLDs) for analyzing feedback mechanisms in urban food waste reduction. Evaluate identification of key variables (household behavior, pricing, infrastructure, logistics, awareness), correct loop polarity (reinforcing vs balancing), delays, nonlinearities, and system boundaries. Include tasks that trace causal pathways to predict dynamic behavior (waste volume, contamination, participation), locate leverage points, and compare policy scenarios (pay-as-you-throw, composting capacity, surplus redistribution, education campaigns). Require critique of flawed CLDs (missing links, mis-signed arrows), justification of modeling choices, and anticipation of unintended consequences and equity implications. Incorporate short data vignettes or trend graphs to validate or revise loops, emphasizing clear notation (+/− or S/O) and analytical reasoning.