Assess learners' ability to analyze how zoning and land‑use policies produce and perpetuate urban segregation and socioeconomic disparities. Scope includes historical and legal mechanisms (e.g., exclusionary zoning, single‑family zoning, redlining legacies), contemporary instruments (land‑use regulations, tax/incentive policies, transit and infrastructure decisions, NIMBY dynamics), empirical links between policy and spatial inequality, and evaluation of reform options (upzoning, inclusionary zoning, affordable housing, equitable transit‑oriented development). Items will test causal reasoning, interpretation of data/graphs, and evidence‑based policy recommendations.