Assess students' ability to analyze Earth's energy balance by evaluating incoming solar radiation, planetary albedo, greenhouse gas radiative forcing, and major feedback mechanisms (ice‑albedo, water vapor, lapse‑rate, and cloud feedbacks). Include quantitative reasoning (energy fluxes, radiative equilibrium, Stefan–Boltzmann relations or radiative forcing units), interpretation of simple graphs, and explanation of how changes in albedo or GHG concentrations affect surface temperature and climate sensitivity.