Assess understanding of the urban heat island (UHI) effect, covering primary physical and anthropogenic causes (land cover change, impervious surfaces, waste heat), environmental and public-health consequences (temperature amplification, air pollution, energy demand, vulnerable populations), common methods to measure and model UHI, and evaluation of mitigation and adaptation strategies (green infrastructure, cool roofs/pavements, urban planning, policy trade-offs). Questions should test explanation, application to case scenarios, and comparative analysis of strategy effectiveness.