Assess students' ability to evaluate the effectiveness of international economic sanctions as a foreign‑policy tool in the post–Cold War era. Scope: define sanction types (trade, financial, targeted), compare unilateral vs. multilateral measures, identify enforcement and evasion mechanisms, evaluate outcomes using political, economic, humanitarian, and compliance metrics, and analyze major case studies (e.g., South Africa, Iraq, Iran, North Korea, Russia). Require evidence‑based judgments and policy recommendations.