Test students' ability to analyze the causes, ecological and human impacts, and mitigation strategies of urban heat islands; scope includes physical drivers (land cover, urban morphology, waste heat), ecological effects (temperature regimes, biodiversity, hydrology), human consequences (health risks, energy demand, social equity), and assessment of mitigation and policy responses (greenspace, cool materials, urban design, planning trade‑offs), with emphasis on explaining interactions, using examples or data, and evaluating effectiveness and constraints.