Test advanced comprehension and application of three core frameworks for interpreting visual culture — semiotics (signs, codes, denotation/connotation), Panofskian iconography/iconology (pre-iconographic description, iconographic analysis, iconological interpretation), and Laura Mulvey’s concept of the male gaze (scopophilia, objectification, cinematic spectatorship). Assess ability to apply each framework to a single image, compare and contrast their explanatory strengths and limitations for gendered and historical readings, and justify which framework(s) yield the most persuasive interpretation in context.