Assess learners' understanding of core principles of public-key cryptography: asymmetric key pairs (generation and roles of public/private keys), the conceptual and practical differences between encryption (confidentiality) and digital signatures (authenticity, integrity, non-repudiation), common algorithms (e.g., RSA, ECC), and key exchange protocols (Diffie‑Hellman, ECDH), including basic threat models and practical trade-offs in deployment.