Assess students' ability to analyze shifts in equilibrium for reversible reactions by applying Le Chatelier’s principle to changes in concentration, pressure/volume, temperature, and catalysts; perform quantitative equilibrium-constant (Kc/Kp) calculations and ICE-table analyses to determine equilibrium concentrations or partial pressures; compare reaction quotient Q to K and interpret how K magnitude indicates product vs. reactant favorability; include at least one quantitative problem requiring calculation of the new equilibrium after a specified perturbation and a brief qualitative explanation linking results to Le Chatelier’s principle.