Assess understanding of the inverse relationship between exponential and logarithmic functions, including laws of logarithms and properties of exponents; graphing and transformations of y = a^x and y = log_a(x); converting between exponential and logarithmic forms; using change-of-base; solving exponential and logarithmic equations and modeling simple real-world scenarios. Items should probe domain/range, asymptotes, parameter effects, and procedural fluency with moderate problem-solving.