Test learners' ability to analyze how municipal zoning and land‑use policies affect housing affordability and residential segregation by examining mechanisms (e.g., exclusionary zoning, density limits, discretionary approvals), measuring impacts (housing cost burden, supply elasticity, segregation indices), evaluating empirical case studies, and proposing equitable policy reforms (e.g., upzoning, inclusionary zoning, ADUs) while considering legal, fiscal, and political constraints; skills include interpreting zoning maps, assessing data, and making evidence‑based recommendations.