Assess learners' understanding of how greenhouse gases regulate Earth's energy balance by absorbing and re‑emitting infrared radiation; include key components (incoming solar radiation, outgoing longwave radiation, albedo), major gases (CO2, CH4, H2O), radiative forcing, and feedbacks (water‑vapor, ice‑albedo); evaluate conceptual explanations, interpretation of energy‑budget diagrams, and basic quantitative reasoning about temperature responses.