Assess students' understanding of parliamentary and presidential systems by testing knowledge of institutional structures, executive–legislative relations, mechanisms of checks and balances, and how these features influence government stability and policymaking; tasks include identifying key institutional differences (e.g., head of state vs. head of government, confidence motions, separation of powers), explaining how legislatures, judiciaries, and party systems constrain authority, and analyzing trade-offs in policy responsiveness, coalition dynamics, and stability with comparative examples.