Test students' ability to analyze how partisan and racial gerrymandering affect electoral competitiveness and minority representation in U.S. congressional districts; assess knowledge of legal frameworks (e.g., Voting Rights Act, Supreme Court precedents), mapping tactics (cracking, packing), quantitative metrics (efficiency gap, seat–vote curve, compactness), empirical effects on electoral outcomes and policy responsiveness, and the capacity to evaluate reform options (independent commissions, algorithmic redistricting) using both qualitative reasoning and basic quantitative evidence.