Assess graduate-level ability to analyze mechanisms and quantify how permafrost thaw under warming and altered hydrology alters soil carbon–nitrogen dynamics and drives CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes. The quiz will test understanding of physical thaw processes (active-layer deepening, thermokarst, water table shifts), biogeochemical pathways (decomposition, mineralization, nitrification/denitrification, microbial community responses), measurement and modeling approaches (chambers, eddy covariance, incubations, isotopic and molecular tracers, hydrologic coupling), data interpretation, and implications for climate feedbacks and mitigation strategies.