Assess graduate students' ability to apply administrative-law doctrines (statutory interpretation, nondelegation, Chevron/Skidmore, the major‑questions doctrine, APA rulemaking and notice‑and‑comment requirements) and separation‑of‑powers principles (Article II emergency authority, limits on executive action, judicial review) to evaluate the legality of emergency executive orders and agency guidance during public‑health crises; students should identify authority thresholds, procedural defects, constitutional constraints, likely defenses, and appropriate remedies using short hypothetical scenarios.