Assess undergraduate-level understanding of physiological adaptations in adults following regular moderate-intensity endurance training, covering central cardiovascular changes (resting and exercise heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output), peripheral and hematologic adaptations (blood volume, hemoglobin, capillarization), skeletal muscle and metabolic shifts (mitochondrial density, oxidative enzymes, substrate utilization), respiratory adjustments (ventilation, diffusion capacity, ventilatory efficiency), expected time course, effects on VO2max and exercise economy, and practical health/performance implications.