Assess undergraduate understanding of soil nitrogen-cycle transformations (N fixation, mineralization, nitrification, denitrification, volatilization, leaching) and the microbial and physicochemical drivers; evaluate how agricultural practices (fertilizer and manure application, irrigation, tillage, crop rotation, cover crops) alter N fluxes, nitrogen use efficiency, nitrate leaching and N2O emissions; require explanation of mechanisms, interpretation of simple mass-balance indicators, and appraisal of mitigation strategies and policy implications.