Assess students' ability to analyze the primary causes (industrialization, technological advances, agricultural changes, transportation improvements, and rural-to-urban migration) and the short- and long-term consequences (demographic growth, housing and sanitation, labor conditions, class relations, public health, and environmental impacts) of urbanization during the 18th–19th-century Industrial Revolution; require evidence-based comparisons across Britain and other industrializing regions and evaluation of governmental and social responses.