Assess learners' ability to analyze feedback mechanisms and identify potential tipping points in the Earth system using coupled ocean–atmosphere models; include key feedbacks (ice–albedo, water vapor, cloud, ocean circulation, carbon cycle), model diagnostics (feedback parameters, equilibrium climate sensitivity, bifurcation/hysteresis analysis), design and interpretation of perturbation and parameter‑sweep experiments, detection of early‑warning indicators (variance, autocorrelation), and evaluation of model limitations and uncertainties related to resolution and coupling timescales.