Assess students' understanding of cellular respiration by testing mechanisms and scope across glycolysis, the citric acid (Krebs) cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation: locations (cytosol, mitochondrial matrix, inner membrane), key intermediates and electron carriers (NADH, FADH2), methods of ATP production (substrate‑level phosphorylation vs chemiosmotic coupling), how the electron transport chain generates a proton motive force and drives ATP synthase, and approximate ATP yield per glucose; include explanation and comparison of processes and effects of perturbations on ATP output.