Assess students' ability to evaluate the trade-offs and long-term impacts of implementing a universal basic income (UBI) versus targeted welfare programs in developed economies, focusing on effects on labor market participation, productivity, income inequality, fiscal sustainability, and political feasibility; require use of theoretical frameworks (labor supply models, incentive effects), empirical evidence (RCTs, longitudinal and cross-country studies), and policy evaluation tools (microsimulation, cost‑benefit analysis), with discussion of targeting efficiency, administrative costs, transitional dynamics, and broader social externalities.