Assess understanding of the causes, environmental and health impacts, and mitigation strategies of urban heat islands. Scope includes physical drivers (land cover change, impervious surfaces, heat retention, anthropogenic heat), impacts on air quality, energy demand, stormwater and ecosystems, and evaluation of mitigation approaches (urban greening, cool/reflective surfaces, permeable pavements, building design, planning and policy). Items will test conceptual knowledge, analysis of trade-offs, and application to brief case scenarios.