Assess graduate-level understanding of the physiological principles, measurement techniques, and practical limitations of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) assessment in clinical populations—including CPET, submaximal and field tests, indirect estimates, and wearable-derived metrics—with emphasis on validity, reliability, safety/contraindications, test selection for cardiac, pulmonary, geriatric and neuromuscular patients, interpretation for prognosis and exercise prescription, and implications for research and clinical decision-making.