Assess students' ability to analyze how electoral system design (e.g., PR vs. majoritarian systems, district magnitude, electoral thresholds, ballot structure, and seat allocation formulas) influences the number, size, and ideological distribution of parties and shapes coalition formation in parliamentary democracies; tasks include explaining theoretical mechanisms (Duvergerian effects, strategic entry/voting), predicting party-system outcomes, evaluating coalition types and bargaining motives (minimal winning, oversized, connected coalitions; office- vs. policy-seeking), and applying concepts to comparative cases or hypothetical scenarios using measures like the effective number of parties.