Test learners' ability to recall and state formulas for major financial ratios used in financial statement analysis. Scope: liquidity (current, quick), solvency/leverage (debt-to-equity, interest coverage), profitability (gross margin, net profit margin, ROA, ROE), efficiency/activity (inventory turnover, receivables turnover, asset turnover), and market ratios (EPS, P/E); require identification of numerator and denominator from the balance sheet and income statement.