Assess students' ability to analyze how land-use changes — urbanization, agriculture, and deforestation — alter a local watershed's water quality, flood risk, and biodiversity. Tasks include identifying causal mechanisms (increased runoff, nutrient loading, soil erosion, habitat fragmentation), interpreting simple data or diagrams (land-cover maps, pollutant trends, hydrographs), comparing scenario outcomes, and proposing evidence-based mitigation or management strategies (riparian buffers, green infrastructure, reforestation). Emphasize connecting human activities to ecological and hydrological outcomes and evaluating trade-offs and local context.