Assess students’ ability to apply comparative analysis of single-member plurality (SMP) and proportional representation (PR) systems to predict party fragmentation. Students should demonstrate understanding of Duverger’s tendencies, the mechanical and psychological effects, district magnitude and thresholds, and use measures such as the Laakso–Taagepera effective number of parties; they may analyze case studies or supplied electoral data and justify predictions about number and size distribution of parties.